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Thursday, August 22, 2019

PROBABILITY SAMPLING




Probability  Sampling

 







Probability Probability Sampling: Definition
Sampling is a sampling technique in which sample from a larger population are chosen using a method based on the theory of probability. For a participant to be considered as a probability sample, he/she must be selected using a random selection(“Probability Sampling: Definition, Types, Advantages, and Disadvantages—Statistics How To,” n.d.)
 The most important requirement of probability sampling is that everyone in your population has a known and an equal chance of getting selected. For example, if you have a population of 100 people every person would have odds of 1 in 100 for getting selected. Probability sampling gives you the best chance to create a sample that is truly representative of the population.  Probability sampling uses statistical theory to select randomly, a small group of people  (sample) from an existing large population and then predict that all their responses together will match the overall population.







Types of Probability Sampling
                                There are mainly 4 types of probability sampling that are following.

 Simple random sampling




     
 The name suggests is a completely random method of selecting the sample. This sampling method is as easy as assigning numbers to the individuals (sample) and then randomly choosing from those numbers through an automated process. Finally, the numbers that are chosen are the members that are included in the sample(“Simple Random Sampling: Definition and Examples,” n.d.)
           There are two ways in which the samples are chosen in this method of sampling: the Lottery system and using number generating software/ random number table. This sampling technique usually works around a large population and has its fair share of advantages and disadvantages.



 Stratified Random sampling 

 



      Involves a method where a larger population can be divided into smaller groups.  That usually doesn’t overlap but represents the entire population together. While sampling these groups can be organized and then draw a sample from each group separately.
A common method is to arrange or classify by sex, age, ethnicity and similar ways. Splitting subjects into mutually exclusive groups and then using simple random sampling to choose members from groups.
Members in each of these groups should be distinct so that every member of all groups get equal opportunity to be selected using simple probability. This sampling method is also called “random quota sampling” Cluster random sampling is a way to randomly select participants when they are geographically spread out. For example, if you wanted to choose 100 participants from the entire population of the U.S., it is likely impossible to get a complete list of everyone. Instead, the researcher randomly selects areas (i.e. cities or counties) and randomly selects from within those boundaries. 

Cluster sampling



        analyzes a particular population in which the sample consists of more than a few elements, for example, city, family, university, etc. The clusters are then selected by dividing the greater population into various smaller sections.
Systematic Sampling 



                        It is when you choose every “nth” individual to be a part of the sample. For example, you can choose every 5th person to be in the sample. Systematic sampling is an extended implementation of the same old probability technique in which each member of the group is selected at regular periods to form a sample. There’s an equal opportunity for every member of a population to be selected using this sampling technique.

Probability Sampling Example
Let us take an example to understand this sampling technique. The population of the US alone is 330 million, it is practically impossible to send a survey to every individual to gather information but you can use probability sampling to get data which is as good even if it is collected from a smaller population.
For example, consider hypothetically an organization that has 500,000 employees sitting at different geographic locations. The organization wishes to make a certain amendment in its human resource policy, but before they roll out the change they wish to know if the employees will be happy with the change or not. However, it’s a tedious task to reach out to all 500,000 employees. This is where probability sampling comes handy. A sample from the larger population i.e.; from 500,000 employees can be chosen. This sample will represent the population. A survey now can be deployed to the sample. From the responses received, management will now be able to know whether employees in that organization are happy or not about the amendment.


What are the steps involved in Probability Sampling.
Ø  Choose your population of interest carefully: Carefully think and choose from the population, people you think whose opinions should be collected and then include them in the sample.
Ø  Determine a suitable sample frame:  Your frame should include a sample from your population of interest and no one from outside in order to collect accurate data.
Ø  Select your sample and start your survey:     It can sometimes be challenging to find the right sample and determine a suitable sample frame. Even if all factors are in your favor, there still might be unforeseen issues like cost factor, quality of respondents and quickness to respond. Getting a sample to respond to true probability survey might be difficult but not impossible.
But, in most cases, drawing a probability sample will save you time, money, and a lot of frustration. You probably can’t send surveys to everyone but you can always give everyone a chance to participate, this is what probability sample is all about
When to use Probability Sampling.
§  When the sampling bias has to be reduced:  This sampling method is used when the bias has to be minimum. The selection of the sample largely determines the quality of the research’s inference. How researchers select their sample largely determines the quality of a researcher’s findings. Probability sampling leads to higher quality findings because it provides an unbiased representation of the population.
§  When the population is usually diverse:  When your population size is large and diverse this sampling method is usually used extensively as probability sampling helps researchers create samples that fully represent the population. Say we want to find out how many people prefer medical tourism over getting treated in their own country, this sampling method will help pick samples from various socio-economic strata, backgrounds, etc to represent the bigger population.
§  To create an accurate sample:   Probability sampling help researchers create an accurate sample of their population. Researchers can use proven statistical methods to draw an accurate sample size to obtained well-defined data.  
Advantages of Probability Sampling
§  It’s Cost-effective: This process is both cost and time effective and a larger s    sample can also be chosen based on numbers assigned to the samples and then choosing random numbers from the bigger sample. Work here is done.
§  It’s simple and easy:  Probability sampling is an easy way of sampling as it does not involve a complicated process. It's quick and saves time. The time saved can thus be used to analyze the data and draw conclusions.
§. It non-technical:  This method of sampling doesn’t require any technical knowledge because of the simplicity with which this can be done. This method doesn’t require complex knowledge and its not at all lengthy.
Probability Sampling V/S Non-Probability Sampling
Table 1.merits and demerits of probability sampling and nonprobability sampling

Probability sampling
None probability sampling
 Merit
Ø  Avoid sectional bias
Ø  Enable generalization from the sample to the wider population

Demerit
Ø  Risk omitting important resonance through chance
Merit
Ø  Control over selection process
Ø  Inclusion of political actors

Demerit
Ø  Greater scope for sectional bias
Ø  Limited potential to generalize from the sample to the broader population



§  REFERENCES
. https//buc.kim/d/6kODnt1mjMfJ?pub-link
. https//buc.kim/d/13bNgzZ4vQj?pub -link
§  (“Cluster Sampling,” 2018)
§  (“Probability Sampling: Definition,Types, Advantages and Disadvantages—Statistics How To,” n.d.)


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